Congrats on finishing your first jam! I haven't tried something quite similar to this, but there are a number of elements that feel very familiar in that I've experienced them going wrong, too. I say that in a sense of comradery and love for the pain and glory of game jam :)
It looks great! The craft feels floaty in a nice way. Levels and screen transitions can be very difficult to get right in a jam because they have to be tested so much. Audio cues can be tricky, too. The sound design is great. You also kept it to short clips. The collision cue is just repeating a lot. I think spacing out the meteors would help the pacing and give time to read the left bar, but that's also something that comes out of testing.
This is a great first attempt. Please make more!